Thursday, November 20, 2014

Cleaning house with food

Shine your saucepans with tomato ketchup! And other ingenious ways to clean your house with food

  • Latest internet craze is to do housework using food from your kitchen 
  • Saves money, reduces waste and reduces chemicals in the home
  • But do they work?
  • Amanda Cable puts the edible cleaners to the test 

Tired of throwing money at ketchup cleaning method expensive cleaning products and worried about the effects of chemicals on your family home? Well, the latest internet craze is to do housework using food from your kitchen.
Amanda Cable pulls on her Marigolds, opens her larder and tests just how dirt-busting the edible cleaners can be...
CLEAN RUSTY METAL WITH A POTATO
HOW DOES IT WORK? Cut a potato in half, dip the cut end into a flat dish of table salt and rub it all over the rusted areas of metal pans. If the potato becomes too soft, cut it again and apply more salt.
Old wives' tale works: Amanda found rubbing half a potato on her car did get rid of some rust
Old wives' tale works: Amanda found rubbing half a potato on her car did get rid of some rust
The oxalic acid in the potato helps to dissolve the rust by reacting with the iron in the metal to form ferric oxalate, which in turn dissolves in water (or, in this case, the creamy potato starch). The abrasive power of the salt helps remove the residue from the surface. Oxalic acid is found in many household cleaning products.
VERDICT: My grandmother always insisted that potatoes could clean her pots and pans but I thought it was an old wives' tale. I have rust at the bottom of my favourite milk pan, which I'd normally tackle with an eye-watering chemical spray. Can a simple potato cut through the rust better? Incredibly, yes.
The potato's creamy starch oozes out but the salt sticks to the rust. After five minutes of hard scrubbing, the worst has come away. I go outside and try the other half of the potato on my rusting 20-year-old Mercedes. The neighbours see me rubbing a potato on my car and decide I'm mad. But large chunks of orange rust come away, so who am I to care?
4/5
GOODBYE TO GREASE WITH A GRAPEFRUIT
HOW DOES IT WORK? Cut a grapefruit in half, dip the cut end into salt, and scrub the bottom of your greasy oven. You can also use it on dirt-encrusted oven trays — and the inside of your bath.
Grapefruits contain natural chemicals called furocoumarins, which attack bacteria and act as disinfectants. In fact, many commercial cleaning products contain grapefruit extract for its cleaning power and fresh smell.
VERDICT: I can't stand the bitter taste of grapefruit — but the smell of oven cleaner makes me feel just as sick. I buy a large grapefruit, dip it into salt and scrub the greasy inside of my cooker. Layers of thick, black grease are instantly lifted, and my oven grills go from black to shiny silver.
But the best thing is the smell. My stinking oven is like the inside of a Jo Malone shop. I'll never buy oven cleaner again!
5/5
WHITE BREAD TO DUST PAINTINGS
HOW DOES IT WORK? White bread is highly absorbent so attracts other matter such as dust and grime. But the yeast, flour and water inside the bread leaves no residue — so your beloved pictures are safe if you use a slice as a duster. Dab it over the surface to pick up the dirt.
VERDICT: I was once advised to use white bread to pick up shards of broken glass, and it worked brilliantly. But I'm dubious about wiping my favourite painting, which has pride of place in the living room, with a slice of white Hovis.
As I very gingerly move it over the painting, the white bread turns satisfyingly grey. It's so effective, I even use it to scoop up an old spiders' web.
Best thing since sliced bread: It works as a duster too
Best thing since sliced bread: It works as a duster too
SPRUCE UP WINDOWS WITH ONIONS
HOW DOES IT WORK? Chop an onion into four and place the pieces in a bucket of warm water. Leave for at least half an hour, so the onion juices can infuse into the water, before removing the onion. The liquid will apparently make your windows sparkle without streaks.
When onions are chopped, the juices release organsulfur, a disinfectant cleaner that attacks microscopic biological germs. Organsulfur is often used industrially in solvent cleaners.
VERDICT: I can't go near an onion without crying, so when my husband arrives home to find me weeping by the window, he fears something terrible has happened.
Onions are great natural cleaners but they've never been widely used for cleaning because of the smell. Mine might have removed hidden germs but the glass is smeared and the stench is unbearable.
0/5
GET GLEAMING PANS WITH KETCHUP
HOW DOES IT WORK? Rub a thin layer of ketchup on the surface of dull or tarnished copper and stainless-steel pans. Leave for 30 minutes. The acetic acid (a weak organic chemical that gives condiments a bitter taste) in the vinegar in the ketchup will react with the tarnish and remove it.
Copper pans tarnish because the copper combines with oxygen in the air to form copper oxide, which is brown. The acetic acid attacks the copper oxide, dissolving the brown layer. This can then be wiped off with a soft cloth.
Stainless-steel pans often contain an inner core of copper sandwiched between the layers of steel on the bottom of the pan, to increase heat conductivity. This tarnishes in the same way as pure copper and can also be cleaned with ketchup.
Result! Amanda was amazed at how well ketchup cleaned her dirty pans
Result! Amanda was amazed at how well ketchup cleaned her dirty pans
VERDICT: When I wipe the ketchup off my copper saucepan, it looks shiny and new. The water stains and dark deposits on the bottom have gone. It's as if I've waved a magic wand. Amazing.
VINEGAR SHINES YOUR SHOWER
HOW DOES IT WORK? Mix pure white vinegar with an equal amount of water and pour it in a spray bottle. Then spray on to the surface and wipe off.
The acetic acid inside vinegar has been used as an anti-bacterial agent since Egyptian times. When dissolved in water, it breaks down into hydrogen and acetate, both of which weaken stains.
However, you must only ever use white vinegar or distilled white vinegar because these contain just 5 per cent acetic acid, which won't damage your surfaces. Do not use on stone finishes (such as granite and marble), iron, stainless steel, bronze or copper, as the acid can damage them. And never mix the vinegar with bleach or alcohol, as it will become corrosive.
VERDICT: I spend a fortune on expensive glass-cleaning products, so I am really hoping this will work. I spray the vinegar mix on my glass shower screen, wipe with a soft cloth — and the glass is shiny and smear-free. But my bathroom smells like a fish and chip shop.
I find an online tip to peel an orange and soak the vinegar in a bottle with the peel for three days before use. This works - it smells of sweet oranges and does a great job on my tiles, too.
4/5
USE BANANA SKINS TO POLISH SHOES
HOW DOES IT WORK? If your leather shoes are looking scuffed and dull, rub them with the inside of a banana peel, as it contains atoms of nitrogen, sulphur and carboxylic acids, which act as natural cleaning agents.
Wipe away the remaining banana residue and buff with a soft cloth for a glossy sheen.
The potassium in bananas is a key ingredient used in commercial shoe polishes. It absorbs into leather and helps diminish scuff marks.
VERDICT: As I rub a banana skin over my husband's favourite brown leather shoes, I start to panic. The gunk is making them look utterly revolting! I grab a cloth and scrub away, and thank goodness the smeary banana residue disappears. It has cleaned the shoes but traditional polish does a far smarter job.
Later, my husband asks me why his shoes smell of banana. He is not impressed.
Sticky problem: The sugar attracts bacteria so it's not worth it to remove lime scale
Sticky problem: The sugar attracts bacteria so it's not worth it to remove lime scale
COLA FOR THE LOO
HOW DOES IT WORK? Everyone's heard the myth about what happens to false teeth if you leave them overnight in a cup of cola. Well, it's the same principle if you use the fizzy drink on the limescale inside your toilet bowl. It's all thanks to the phosphoric acid in the cola and the carbonic acid in the carbon dioxide (which creates the bubbles).
Pour a one-litre bottle into the bowl and around the rim. Leave it for at least an hour or, better still, overnight. Most of the limescale and dirt should have been dissolved and will disappear when you flush — although you may need a brush to work on more stubborn stains.
VERDICT: My son Charlie comes home from school just in time to see me pour a bottle of Coke down the toilet. He's terribly upset to see me 'banning' fizzy drinks so dramatically - and only slightly mollified when I tell him I am trying an alternative to bleach.
The inside of the bowl turns a horrible dark brown. Three hours later, I flush, and the slightly tarnished limescale marks on the inside bowl have gone.
It seems the perfect solution until the whole family complain they are 'sticking' to the toilet seat. Yes, cola is sticky - and the sugar residue also attracts bacteria. I think I'll stick to bleach.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2841444/Shine-saucepans-tomato-ketchup-ingenious-ways-clean-house-food.html#v-3829241754001


Saturday, November 15, 2014

Tuesday, October 21, 2014

Ginger Leaf Tea

  • The best drink to have on a rainy day is a cup of ginger leaf tea.
  • It keeps the body warm and is good prevention for flu, cold and cough.
  • The leaves fight against stomach problems such as indigestion and gas.
  • Good remedy for morning sickness during pregnancy and motion sickness.
  • It alleviates arthritic and rheumatic pain.
  • The leaves have anti fungal and antibacterial effects.
  • Relief headaches and migraine due to presence of prostaglandins.
  • Relief from menstrual cramps.
  • Can also use in arresting progress of colorectal cancer cells.
  • They can be used for treating diabetic nephropath
  • Wednesday, September 10, 2014

    Friday, August 29, 2014

    Water and sunlight into fuel

    Cheaper petrol could be just around the corner with Australian scientists one step away from turning water and sunlight into fuel … the same way plants do

    • Australian scientists have successfully replicated one of the crucial steps in photosynthesis
    • Scientists hope the research will open up new possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel
    • Researchers found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat' after being exposed to the sun, the same way plants do
    • Dr Kastoori Hingorani said: 'The system uses a naturally-occurring protein and does not need batteries or expensive metals
    • Hydrogen offers potential as a replacement for petrol, but until now, the way in which plants produced hydrogen was poorly understood
    Australian scientists are one step closer from turning water and sunlight into an efficient supply of hydrogen-based fuel, new research has found. 
    An Australian National University team has successfully replicated a protein, which captures energy from sunlight in order to create biological systems, the same way plants do.
    Researchers found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat', which is the key to photosynthesis - a process used by plants to convert sunlight into oxygen and energy used to power their systems.
    Dr Kastoori Hingorani (pictured, left, ) and Professor Ron Pace (pictured, right, with the protein in a container) hope the research will open up  possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel
    Dr Kastoori Hingorani and Professor Ron Pace hope the research will open up possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel
    ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis in the ANU Research School of Biology Dr Kastoori Hingorani said in a statement that 'water is abundant and so is sunlight.'
    'It is an exciting prospect to use them to create hydrogen, and do it cheaply and safely,' Dr Kastoori Hingorani said.
    The study found hydrogen offers potential as a zero-carbon replacement for petroleum products, and is already used for launching space craft. However, until this work, the way that plants produce hydrogen by splitting water has been poorly understood.
    'The system uses a naturally-occurring protein and does not need batteries or expensive metals, meaning it could be affordable in developing countries,' Dr Hingorani said.
    The way of the future: Australian scientists are one step closer from turning water and sunlight into cheap fuel
    The way of the future: Australian scientists are one step closer from turning water and sunlight into cheap fuel
    Co-researcher Professor Ron Pace said the research opened up new possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel.
    'This is the first time we have replicated the primary capture of energy from sunlight,' Professor Pace said.
    'It’s the beginning of a whole suite of possibilities, such as creating a highly efficient fuel, or to trapping atmospheric carbon.'
    Professor Pace said large amounts of hydrogen fuel produced by artificial photosynthesis could transform the economy.
    'That carbon-free cycle is essentially indefinitely sustainable. Sunlight is extraordinarily abundant, water is everywhere – the raw materials we need to make the fuel. And at the end of the usage cycle it goes back to water,' he said.
    The team found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat' after sunlight exposure that is the key to photosynthesis
    The team found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat' after sunlight exposure that is the key to photosynthesis
    Scientists used a protein called ferritin, which is usually found in almost all living organisms and often stores iron but the team removed the iron and replaced it with the abundant metal, manganese, to closely resemble the water splitting site in photosynthesis. 
    The researchers also replaced the protein with a light-sensitive pigment, Zinc Chlorin. 
    When scientists shone light onto the modified ferritin, there was a clear indication of charge transfer just like in natural photosynthesis.
    The possibilities inspired visionary researcher Associate Professor Warwick Hillier, who led the research group until his death from brain cancer, earlier this year.
    'Associate Professor Hillier imagined modifying E. coli so that it expresses the gene to create ready-made artificial photosynthetic proteins. It would be a self-replicating system – all you need to do is shine light on it,' Dr Hingorani said.


    Tuesday, August 5, 2014

    EcoFarm

    Grow-your-own with a little help from a GOLDFISH: EcoFarm lets you cultivate herbs and tomatoes using your pet's waste

    • The EcoFarm is part fish tank and part herb box. It's been invented by a team in Rotterdam, the Netherlands
    • It uses fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly
    • Dirty water containing waste is pumped into the 'grow bed' to feed the plants, which in turn clean the water in the fish tank below
    • It is a type of hydroponics - cultivating plants in water
    Many people are worried about the potential health effects of man-made chemicals sprayed on crops.
    But now there’s a more natural alternative from an unlikely and very small source.
    Dutch inventors have created an ‘EcoFarm’ that is part fish tank and part herb box and will use fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly.
    Scroll down for video
    Dutch inventors have created an 'EcoFarm' that is part fish tank and part herb box and uses fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly
    Dutch inventors have created an 'EcoFarm' that is part fish tank and part herb box and uses fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly

    HOW DOES THE ECOFARM WORK?

    The EcoFarm is a closed loop ecosystem that consists of a tank topped with a special grow bed filled with stones.
    The dirty water containing fish poo is pumped up into the grow bed where the plants grow on the rocks, with all the fertiliser and nutrients coming from the fish.
    Herbs and small fruit and vegetables such as cherry tomatoes, peppers and strawberries can be grown in the bed.
    The plants work as a natural filter and clean the water.
    Dirty water containing waste is pumped into the 'grow bed' to feed the plants, which in turn clean the water in the fish tank below.
    ‘We believe that local farming is the first step to deliver fresh tasty fruits and vegetables,’ said the inventors, who are currently raising funds on crowd funding website Kickstarter.
     
    ‘With this goal on mind, Ecobird has started to develop a product line based in aquaponics.’
    Aquaponics is a food production system that combines conventional aquaculture, of raising aquatic animals in tanks, with hydroponics - cultivating plants in water.
    The inventors, who are based in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, describe their EcoFarm as ‘a symbiotic environment where the waste of the fish is used as a natural fertiliser and the plants clean the water.’
    'You can grow fresh food with the tiniest amount of effort. The only thing you need to do is feed the fish.'
    It may seem to some people like a neat solution for something that aquarium owners have been doing for years – watering their plants with dirty water from their fish tank.

    The inventors, who are based in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, describe their EcoFarm as 'a symbiotic environment where the waste of the fish is used as a natural fertiliser and the plants clean the water.' Illustrations of the EcoFarm are pictured
    The inventors, who are based in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, describe their EcoFarm as 'a symbiotic environment where the waste of the fish is used as a natural fertiliser and the plants clean the water.' Illustrations of the EcoFarm are pictured
    Many people have reported on internet forums that their houseplants have thrived faster than normal by using the fishy water.
    'I wanted to see how well the water from my tanks would do as a fertiliser and the results are stunning,' one person wrote on fishforums.com, while another said: I've used my tank water for years. Better than any fertiliser I ever used.’ 
    The EcoFarm costs from €85 (£68) in Europe and the kit will include a fish tank, grow bed, pump, stones and gravel, seeds to get them started. The product will be made using injection moulding.
    The company expects to start production in November and to ship the tanks just in time for Christmas, if it managed to raise the money needed.
    The team has so far raised €2,155 (£1,717) and have a target of €125,000 (£99,603).




    Thursday, July 31, 2014

    We drink poison daily

    WATER FLUORIDATION: THE EVIL CONSPIRACY

    Go into any large hardware store, Look for RAT POISON, look at ingredients - there is only one ingredient- Sodium Fluoride, the most toxic, ionic molecule outside of Potassium Dichromate. Sodium Fluoride is piling up as an industrial by product, and they need to find a way to dispose of this toxin. The FDA Researcher, who tried to blow the whisle on Fluoride was demoted and removed. He recently won a mega lawsuit, which got him 10 years back pay...(but still left him ignored and unpublished..) Now all the scientific testing in the universe could not prove what a lifetime exposure to trace amounts of RAT POISON would do, but I do know that fluoride has been linked to bone cancer and lower levels of intelligence. It's also been known to have a narcotic-like effect on the brain.
    WHY DO THEY DUMP RAT POISON IN YOUR DRINKING WATER?
    Millions of people in India and China suffer a crippling bone disease called skeletal fluorosis, caused by moderate to high levels of fluoride (1.5 to 9 ppm) in their water. Skeletal fluorosis has several stages of severity, with the less severe being chronic joint pain, and the more severe being hip fractures and bone cancer. Because the symptoms mimic arthritis, the first two clinical phases of skeletal fluorosis could be easily misdiagnosed. Arthritis, hip fractures, and bone cancer are now at epidemic levels in the United States. Fluoride's plausible contribution has been ignored and hidden from the public.Fluoride has repeatedly been shown to be a carcinogen in cell cultures, animals and humans. In 1956 Dr. John Chaffey, a professor of clinical pediatrics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, noted cortical defects in the bone x-rays of 13.5% of the children living in fluoridated Newburgh, compared to only 7.5% in the neighboring nonfluoridated Kingston. He also noted the lesions were strikingly similar to osteosarcoma. Studies have now confirmed a dramatic increase in osteosarcoma (bone cancer) in young males exposed to fluoride during growth of the bones and a 5% increase in all types of cancers in fluoridated communities. Fluoridation does not reduce tooth decay.
    Adding fluoride to drinking water has not been shown to be effective in reducing tooth decay. In blinded animal studies there was no correlation to the amount of fluoride and tooth decay. In the human populations fluoridation was not effective in reducing tooth decay. In fact, tooth decay has decreased more in some nonfluoridated communities than in fluoridated ones. Fluorosis is a disease (health effect) caused by fluoride. According to the National Research Council fluorosis affects 8 to 51% and sometimes as many as 80% of the children growing up in areas where drinking water contains one part per million (1 ppm) fluoride. Fluoride also can have a deleterious effect on bone growth and cause premature joint and ligament aging. The visible damage to tooth surfaces results in mottled, brittle teeth that are prone to fracture and may cost many thousands of dollars to cosmetically repair.


    I also give you the fact that RAT POISON, a Toxic Industrial byproduct, consists of only sodium fluoride. Europe and Japan have virtually abolished water fluoridation. Why is it the most advanced and powerful nation on earth continues to dump tons of this toxic industrial waste byproduct into our water supply?
    You want to know the truth - follow the trail of money greed & power - follow the trail of those who would treat you as an object - an object to be used, manipulated, and discarded when you are no longer of any value to the order....an object without humanity. You see, the mentality needed to put Rat poison in drinking water demands that one not view the common people as people - that would be unethical - they must be viewed as objects - then they can dispense with them at their pleasure.
    You might immediately say it is incomprehensible? I say perhaps its just incomprehensible to you. One effective way to fight the effects of fluoride in your body is to consume vitamin C in healthy amounts, preferably in the form of fruits and vegtables. Most bottled water does not contain fluoride, unless otherwise labeled. However, all this would be unessessary if our water systems were not being contaminated unessessarily by greedy and corrupt people in authority. Bottled water in some cases can be of high quality, but its cost makes it a less-than-ideal solution. There is also a potential problem with the cloudy plastic (PVC) containers from your grocery store as they transfer far too many chemicals into the water.
    Today there is enough grassroots consciousness about the dangers of tap water that cheap carbon filters are now available in any hardware store which attach easily to the kitchen faucet. It is likely that such filters get rid of most of the chlorine - for a while. But to really get the resistant biologicals, the fluoride, heavy metals, and other contaminants, the customer may consider one of the high-end drinking water filters. These cost between $200 and $400 and come in models for both over and under the sink. Names like Alpine, MultiPure, and Spectrapure are among the dozens of brand names that have come along during the past 20 years.
    Multipure seems to be out front at this time. Killing microbials is not a big deal since most of that's been done by chlorine. Most contaminants are removed by the better filters. The problem when choosing a filter seems to come down to four main concerns: fluoride, minerals, THMs, and nitrates. Due to fluoride advocate propaganda, most Americans don't even realize fluoride is bad for them, and therefore don't think about it when considering a water filter. Most naturopaths and holistic nutritionists don't like distilled water because they say it leaches minerals from the bones and teeth. Some experts say it doesn't make any difference unless the person is extremely malnourished. But thinking about the Hunzas and their 120-year lifespan that was attributed to the glacial mineral waters they drank, one can see the value of minerals in drinking water. With reverse osmosis you can remove fluoride but you also remove many minerals, and wasting about 4-9 gallons to get one gallon of pure water.
    FACTS ABOUT FLUORIDE
    - Fluoride is a waste by-product of the fertilizer and aluminum industry and it's also a Part II Poison under the UK Poisons Act 1972.
    - Fluoride is one of the basic ingredients in both PROZAC (FLUoxetene Hydrochloride) and Sarin nerve gas (Isopropyl-Methyl-Phosphoryl FLUoride).
    - USAF Major George R. Jordan testified before Un-American Activity committees of Congress in the 1950's that in his post as U.S.-Soviet liaison officer, the Soviets openly admitted to "Using the fluoride in the water supplies in their concentration camps, to make the prisoners stupid, docile, and subservient."
    - The first occurrence of fluoridated drrinking water on Earth was found in Germany's Nazi prison camps. The Gestapo had little concern about fluoride's supposed effect on children's teeth; their alleged reason for mass-medicating water with sodium fluoride was to sterilize humans and force the people in their concentration camps into calm submission. ( Ref. book: "The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben" by Joseph Borkin .)
    - 97% of western Europe has rejected fluoridated water due to the known health risks, however 10% of Britons drink it and the UK government is trying to fast track the fluoridation of the entire country's water supply.
    - In Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg fluoridation of water was rejected because it was classified as compulsive medication against the subject's will and therefore violated fundamental human rights.
    - In November of 2006, the American Dental Association (ADA) advised that parents should avoid giving babies fluoridated water.
    - Sources of fluoride include: fluoride dental products, fluoride pesticides, fluoridated pharmaceuticals, processed foods made with fluoridated water, and tea.
    What it boils down to is that from the police force, to the county government, to what passes for the judical system, all the way to, and especially the federal government, are all controlled by hopelessly corrupt and self serving people and agencies. There are as many conspiracies as there are layers of an onion, and there have been since the beginning of time. A power hungry government does not GOVERN, it is capable only of exploits, enslavement, and delusion. Most people live in a dreamland of delusion, hypnotically impressed upon thier psyche at 60 flashes per second - Television - All one has to do to evaluate the conspiracy is talk to a few people you know. See how little understanding they have about what is REALLY going on. And notice how most of them don't WANT to know what's REALLY going on. Where is the truth? Surely not the politically correct drivel on TV. When a child grows up thinking that this is a kind, sensible, nurturing world, it's a rude awakening at the first betrayal. Just consider how you think life should be - then read a newspaper, watch TV, or just go out into the city, and see reality. It's a reality that's been created by a bunch of self serving rats, who need a healthy dose of "sodium fluoride".
    "And these signs shall follow them that believe; in my name shall they cast out devils, they shall speak with new tongues, they shall take up serpents, and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them, they will lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover." - Mark 16

    Northstar Webradio

    Wednesday, July 16, 2014

    Free Anti-Pest Medicine and Snake Plant


    Giving away for free Organic anti-pest medicine till Sunday 20th July 2014.  Maximum 2 litre per person.  
    6 Snake Plant - Give away

    Urban Gardening

    Urban gardening, the safe way


    Kelly’s veggies and herbs are thriving.
      
    Experts say urban gardening comes with challenges like contaminated soil and home-damaging pests that can affect the garden’s overall success and even the gardener’s health.
    Each spring, potted herbs and vegetables dot the fire escape of Steve Kelly’s home in Baltimore, Maryland in the United States.
    He grows anywhere from six to nine types of peppers, ranging from red and yellow to cayenne and banana. His herbs include basil, tarragon, chives, rosemary and thyme.
    And then there’s the mint. Kelly grows three kinds: orange mint, spearmint and peppermint. He uses them in tea, water and the occasional “adult beverage,” he said.
    “I throw (herbs) in almost everything I make,” Kelly said. “Scrambled eggs and even my hash browns have herbs in them. ... It’s a lot cheaper and easier than going to the grocery store to buy them.”
    Plus, they taste much fresher than anything store-bought, he said.
    Throughout the city, urban gardeners like Kelly are turning to pots, rooftops, raised soil beds and even abandoned lots to grow their own food.
    Raised garden: Steve Kelly on his fire escape, where he grows veggies and herbs in pots at his Baltimore home. Urban gardeners are turning to pots, rooftops, raised soil beds and even abandoned lots to grow their own food. - MCT photosKelly's veggies and herbs are thriving (far right). His fire-escape garden includes three kinds of mint: orange mint, spearmint and peppermint.
    Raised garden: Steve Kelly on his fire escape, where he grows veggies and herbs in pots at his home. Urban gardeners are turning to pots, rooftops, raised soil beds and even abandoned lots to grow their own food. — MCT photos
    Experts say urban gardens offer several benefits, including providing fresh, readily available food, increasing the beauty and value of the surrounding neighbourhood and increasing physical activity for the gardeners involved.
    But they also come with challenges like contaminated soil and home-damaging pests that can affect the garden’s overall success and even gardeners’ health.
    “Baltimore gardeners are bright and they care about these issues,” said Brent Kim, program officer for the Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, an academic centre examining the relationships among food, diet, environment and public health.
    “But there are some best practices that they don’t know about and should know about.”
    Among them is using soil from trusted sources, building raised beds or container gardens, preventing garden dirt from entering the home and peeling root crops and removing outer leaves of leafy vegetables before eating them.
    Urban gardening is the process of growing plants in a city environment for private use. It differs from urban farming, which the Farm Alliance of Baltimore City defines as farms that are production-oriented and growing food for others, whether for sale or for donation.
    While urban gardening and farming are not new to the city, interest in both has increased throughout the past five years, said Maya Kosok, coordinator of the urban farmer advocacy group. In that time, several farms and gardens have launched, including Exeter Gardens, a community garden and former abandoned lot in the city’s Jonestown neighbourhood.
    Steve Kelly's fire-escape garden includes mint at his Baltimore home.
    His fire-escape garden includes three kinds of mint: orange mint, spearmint and peppermint.
    “Globally, there’s been an interest in knowing where your food comes from,” Kosok said. About 15% of the world’s food is grown in urban areas, according to the US Department of Agriculture.
    The first step in planning a healthy urban garden is testing the soil, Kim said.
    “We can’t eat without soil,” he said. “It’s the foundation of our food supply.”
    Contaminant-free soil is ideal, Kim said. But major cities like Baltimore have a history of industry, busy roads and illegal dumping, all of which create contamination, he said. Recent Baltimore City soil studies found heavy metals like lead, cadmium and chromium. These metals can and do affect people’s health if ingested, Kim said.
    Many gardeners are exposed inadvertently, whether by swallowing soil left on vegetables, inhaling contaminated dust or through direct skin contact, Kim said. Kids are especially at risk because they often put their hands in their mouths after playing in the soil, he said. Even low levels of lead exposure can harm a child’s mental development over time.
    In some cases, contaminants can enter the plant’s tissue, and washing or peeling won’t help, Kim said. Studies show lead enters root vegetables more often than fruits like tomatoes. But the chance of contaminants affecting the plant itself depends on the contaminant present, contaminant levels, the type of plant and which part of the plant people eat, he said.
    “For those reasons, I would probably avoid growing root veggies in soil with elevated lead levels,” Kim said.
    Still, the bigger concern is around people accidentally ingesting contaminated soil, he said.
    Agricultural labs across the Mid Atlantic provide basic soil tests, which look for metals like lead and nutrients like phosphorus.
    If contaminant levels are too high, Kim suggests adding organic matter like compost. Compost binds to heavy metals like lead, reducing the amount that can get into a gardener’s body.
    Another option is to use uncontaminated soil from a trusted source, such as a nursery or organic compost provider, Kosok said.
    For his fire-escape garden in the city, Kelly bought soil made specifically for pots with built-in water reservoirs from an online gardening supply company. Gardeners at Exeter Gardens used soil from outside the city for their eight raised and four ground-level beds.
    “Much of the soil in this area is known to be contaminated, and even trying to plant in-ground would require lots of testing,” said Nick West, a social studies teacher at City Springs Elementary/Middle School, who works with nearly 100 City Springs sixth-, seventh- and eighth-graders in the garden.
    Gardeners using in-ground or raised beds should also explore the site’s history, Kim said. Basic soil tests don’t reveal every possible contaminant.
    For example, a vacant lot could have previously housed a dry cleaning business. As a result, carcinogenic cleaning solvents may have leached into the soil, he said.
    “It’s almost like a bit of detective work,” Kim said. “If you know what happened there before, it might give you a clue as to what might be in your soil.”
    The Center for a Livable Future provides an interactive map where city residents can search for community garden, school garden and urban farm locations, as well as current and prior hazardous waste sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency or state Department of the Environment.
    “Even chemicals that were banned several decades ago can still persist in our soil and in our food,” Kim said.
    In addition, experts recommend keeping some distance between in-ground or raised bed gardens and the home.
    Raised beds require lots of moist soil – a magnet for termites, said Molly Keck, an integrated pest management specialist at Texas A&M University’s Research and Extension Center. They won’t eat your growing fruits and vegetables, but they will enjoy the garden’s soil conditions, she said.
    “(From there), it’s just a hop, skip and jump into the house,” she said.
    While planting a successful garden using pots, lots or even rooftops can be hard work, it’s important to remember the benefits of growing your own fruits and vegetables in a city environment, Kim said.
    “Urban gardens are associated with higher property values, and they bring a community together,” he said.
    They also provide green space, which can help keep the city cool in summer and encourage people, especially children, to spend time outside, he said.
    West agrees, and said his students visit Exeter Gardens twice a week and sometimes on weekends to weed, water, sow seeds and enjoy the fresh food.
    This spring, the garden has produced kale, lettuce, carrots, radishes and peas.
    “I love watching a student taste a fresh item for the first time,” West said. “Anybody who knows the difference between a fresh sugar snap pea and shelled and canned peas understands.” — The Baltimore Sun/McClatchy Information Services