Sunday, January 4, 2015

Turning Plastic Bags into bricks

Turning old plastic bags into bricks

Wouldn’t it be great to take the plastic bags that fill refuse stations in India and convert them into bricks, strong enough to build houses fit for monsoon rains? Danish student Lise Fuglsang Vestergaard is well on her way to doing just that.
Lise Fuglsang Vestergaard at a refuse station in India.
Vestergaard’s project has received a real boost after she won a student competition, the ‘Green Challenge’, at Technical University of Denmark (DTU), where she recently completed her Master of Science in Engineering degree. Providing a much-needed injection of capital, the victory also brought recognition of her idea.
“The ‘Green Challenge’ gave me the chance to present my project to a panel of critical judges. I have put my concept to the toughest test – and it came out on top. This has given me a firm belief that I’m on to something here,” Vestergaard says.
The idea for the project originally arose in 2013 when, as part of her studies in design and innovation, Vestergaard spent three months in India developing a refuse collection system for the extremely poor city of Joygopalpur. The Indian people are already committed to collecting refuse, as they can earn a few rupees by delivering it to recycling stations.
Pressure testing of a brick created from soft plastic waste
The colourful plastic bag bricks can withstand up to six tonnes of pressure. (Photo: Thorkild Amdi Christensen.)
However, they generally leave soft plastic waste behind, because it’s apparently difficult to find uses for it. As a result, this type of plastic is causing an increasingly significant refuse problem in India.
When Vestergaard noted how the clay-brick houses were almost washed away during the monsoon season, she quickly put two and two together. Would it be possible, she wondered, to use the plastic to make bricks – thus solving two problems simultaneously?

Withstanding six tons of pressure

On her return to Denmark, Vestergaard began experimenting and melting plastic into moulds in an ordinary oven. She has now developed a series of plastic brick prototypes. Subsequent testing at DTU has revealed that the bricks can withstand up to six tonnes of pressure.
Vestergaard has also succeeded in including foil-covered crisp bags in her brick concept. This is a major achievement, given that these packets make up a large proportion of the plastic refuse. The bricks can contain up to 60 per cent crisp bags without this compromising their strength.
Vestergaard’s success in the student competition has given her renewed energy to continue working on the concept. Instead of spending the months following graduation seeking employment, Vestergaard will now immerse herself full-time in her brick project. The next step will be to return to India.
Lise Fuglsang Vestergaard showing her plastic bag bricks
Lise Fuglsang Vestergaard presenting her plastic bag bricks during an exhibition in Copenhagen, Denmark. (Photo: Thorkild Amdi Christensen.)
The challenge is to raise capital for the trip. Vestergaard aims to do so in partnership with the Danish NGOInnoAid, which identified the original refuse collection project in Joygopalpur.
Vestergaard hopes that her ‘Green Challenge’ victory can help open other avenues for financing the project. She has also started collecting funds on
her website.
To establish brick production in India, Vestergaard has to come up with a method for melting the plastic that does not involve electricity – because there is no access to mains electricity in Joygopalpur. The town’s only refrigerator is powered by a small, petrol-powered generator. Vestergaard is therefore keen to test a solar powered barbecue.
“I’ve just received a solar powered barbecue. It’s hard to test it in Denmark at the moment because the weather is cloudy here in autumn, but I hope to test it properly on my next trip to India.”
- Adapted from DTU News

Thursday, November 20, 2014

Cleaning house with food

Shine your saucepans with tomato ketchup! And other ingenious ways to clean your house with food

  • Latest internet craze is to do housework using food from your kitchen 
  • Saves money, reduces waste and reduces chemicals in the home
  • But do they work?
  • Amanda Cable puts the edible cleaners to the test 

Tired of throwing money at ketchup cleaning method expensive cleaning products and worried about the effects of chemicals on your family home? Well, the latest internet craze is to do housework using food from your kitchen.
Amanda Cable pulls on her Marigolds, opens her larder and tests just how dirt-busting the edible cleaners can be...
CLEAN RUSTY METAL WITH A POTATO
HOW DOES IT WORK? Cut a potato in half, dip the cut end into a flat dish of table salt and rub it all over the rusted areas of metal pans. If the potato becomes too soft, cut it again and apply more salt.
Old wives' tale works: Amanda found rubbing half a potato on her car did get rid of some rust
Old wives' tale works: Amanda found rubbing half a potato on her car did get rid of some rust
The oxalic acid in the potato helps to dissolve the rust by reacting with the iron in the metal to form ferric oxalate, which in turn dissolves in water (or, in this case, the creamy potato starch). The abrasive power of the salt helps remove the residue from the surface. Oxalic acid is found in many household cleaning products.
VERDICT: My grandmother always insisted that potatoes could clean her pots and pans but I thought it was an old wives' tale. I have rust at the bottom of my favourite milk pan, which I'd normally tackle with an eye-watering chemical spray. Can a simple potato cut through the rust better? Incredibly, yes.
The potato's creamy starch oozes out but the salt sticks to the rust. After five minutes of hard scrubbing, the worst has come away. I go outside and try the other half of the potato on my rusting 20-year-old Mercedes. The neighbours see me rubbing a potato on my car and decide I'm mad. But large chunks of orange rust come away, so who am I to care?
4/5
GOODBYE TO GREASE WITH A GRAPEFRUIT
HOW DOES IT WORK? Cut a grapefruit in half, dip the cut end into salt, and scrub the bottom of your greasy oven. You can also use it on dirt-encrusted oven trays — and the inside of your bath.
Grapefruits contain natural chemicals called furocoumarins, which attack bacteria and act as disinfectants. In fact, many commercial cleaning products contain grapefruit extract for its cleaning power and fresh smell.
VERDICT: I can't stand the bitter taste of grapefruit — but the smell of oven cleaner makes me feel just as sick. I buy a large grapefruit, dip it into salt and scrub the greasy inside of my cooker. Layers of thick, black grease are instantly lifted, and my oven grills go from black to shiny silver.
But the best thing is the smell. My stinking oven is like the inside of a Jo Malone shop. I'll never buy oven cleaner again!
5/5
WHITE BREAD TO DUST PAINTINGS
HOW DOES IT WORK? White bread is highly absorbent so attracts other matter such as dust and grime. But the yeast, flour and water inside the bread leaves no residue — so your beloved pictures are safe if you use a slice as a duster. Dab it over the surface to pick up the dirt.
VERDICT: I was once advised to use white bread to pick up shards of broken glass, and it worked brilliantly. But I'm dubious about wiping my favourite painting, which has pride of place in the living room, with a slice of white Hovis.
As I very gingerly move it over the painting, the white bread turns satisfyingly grey. It's so effective, I even use it to scoop up an old spiders' web.
Best thing since sliced bread: It works as a duster too
Best thing since sliced bread: It works as a duster too
SPRUCE UP WINDOWS WITH ONIONS
HOW DOES IT WORK? Chop an onion into four and place the pieces in a bucket of warm water. Leave for at least half an hour, so the onion juices can infuse into the water, before removing the onion. The liquid will apparently make your windows sparkle without streaks.
When onions are chopped, the juices release organsulfur, a disinfectant cleaner that attacks microscopic biological germs. Organsulfur is often used industrially in solvent cleaners.
VERDICT: I can't go near an onion without crying, so when my husband arrives home to find me weeping by the window, he fears something terrible has happened.
Onions are great natural cleaners but they've never been widely used for cleaning because of the smell. Mine might have removed hidden germs but the glass is smeared and the stench is unbearable.
0/5
GET GLEAMING PANS WITH KETCHUP
HOW DOES IT WORK? Rub a thin layer of ketchup on the surface of dull or tarnished copper and stainless-steel pans. Leave for 30 minutes. The acetic acid (a weak organic chemical that gives condiments a bitter taste) in the vinegar in the ketchup will react with the tarnish and remove it.
Copper pans tarnish because the copper combines with oxygen in the air to form copper oxide, which is brown. The acetic acid attacks the copper oxide, dissolving the brown layer. This can then be wiped off with a soft cloth.
Stainless-steel pans often contain an inner core of copper sandwiched between the layers of steel on the bottom of the pan, to increase heat conductivity. This tarnishes in the same way as pure copper and can also be cleaned with ketchup.
Result! Amanda was amazed at how well ketchup cleaned her dirty pans
Result! Amanda was amazed at how well ketchup cleaned her dirty pans
VERDICT: When I wipe the ketchup off my copper saucepan, it looks shiny and new. The water stains and dark deposits on the bottom have gone. It's as if I've waved a magic wand. Amazing.
VINEGAR SHINES YOUR SHOWER
HOW DOES IT WORK? Mix pure white vinegar with an equal amount of water and pour it in a spray bottle. Then spray on to the surface and wipe off.
The acetic acid inside vinegar has been used as an anti-bacterial agent since Egyptian times. When dissolved in water, it breaks down into hydrogen and acetate, both of which weaken stains.
However, you must only ever use white vinegar or distilled white vinegar because these contain just 5 per cent acetic acid, which won't damage your surfaces. Do not use on stone finishes (such as granite and marble), iron, stainless steel, bronze or copper, as the acid can damage them. And never mix the vinegar with bleach or alcohol, as it will become corrosive.
VERDICT: I spend a fortune on expensive glass-cleaning products, so I am really hoping this will work. I spray the vinegar mix on my glass shower screen, wipe with a soft cloth — and the glass is shiny and smear-free. But my bathroom smells like a fish and chip shop.
I find an online tip to peel an orange and soak the vinegar in a bottle with the peel for three days before use. This works - it smells of sweet oranges and does a great job on my tiles, too.
4/5
USE BANANA SKINS TO POLISH SHOES
HOW DOES IT WORK? If your leather shoes are looking scuffed and dull, rub them with the inside of a banana peel, as it contains atoms of nitrogen, sulphur and carboxylic acids, which act as natural cleaning agents.
Wipe away the remaining banana residue and buff with a soft cloth for a glossy sheen.
The potassium in bananas is a key ingredient used in commercial shoe polishes. It absorbs into leather and helps diminish scuff marks.
VERDICT: As I rub a banana skin over my husband's favourite brown leather shoes, I start to panic. The gunk is making them look utterly revolting! I grab a cloth and scrub away, and thank goodness the smeary banana residue disappears. It has cleaned the shoes but traditional polish does a far smarter job.
Later, my husband asks me why his shoes smell of banana. He is not impressed.
Sticky problem: The sugar attracts bacteria so it's not worth it to remove lime scale
Sticky problem: The sugar attracts bacteria so it's not worth it to remove lime scale
COLA FOR THE LOO
HOW DOES IT WORK? Everyone's heard the myth about what happens to false teeth if you leave them overnight in a cup of cola. Well, it's the same principle if you use the fizzy drink on the limescale inside your toilet bowl. It's all thanks to the phosphoric acid in the cola and the carbonic acid in the carbon dioxide (which creates the bubbles).
Pour a one-litre bottle into the bowl and around the rim. Leave it for at least an hour or, better still, overnight. Most of the limescale and dirt should have been dissolved and will disappear when you flush — although you may need a brush to work on more stubborn stains.
VERDICT: My son Charlie comes home from school just in time to see me pour a bottle of Coke down the toilet. He's terribly upset to see me 'banning' fizzy drinks so dramatically - and only slightly mollified when I tell him I am trying an alternative to bleach.
The inside of the bowl turns a horrible dark brown. Three hours later, I flush, and the slightly tarnished limescale marks on the inside bowl have gone.
It seems the perfect solution until the whole family complain they are 'sticking' to the toilet seat. Yes, cola is sticky - and the sugar residue also attracts bacteria. I think I'll stick to bleach.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2841444/Shine-saucepans-tomato-ketchup-ingenious-ways-clean-house-food.html#v-3829241754001


Saturday, November 15, 2014

Tuesday, October 21, 2014

Ginger Leaf Tea

  • The best drink to have on a rainy day is a cup of ginger leaf tea.
  • It keeps the body warm and is good prevention for flu, cold and cough.
  • The leaves fight against stomach problems such as indigestion and gas.
  • Good remedy for morning sickness during pregnancy and motion sickness.
  • It alleviates arthritic and rheumatic pain.
  • The leaves have anti fungal and antibacterial effects.
  • Relief headaches and migraine due to presence of prostaglandins.
  • Relief from menstrual cramps.
  • Can also use in arresting progress of colorectal cancer cells.
  • They can be used for treating diabetic nephropath
  • Wednesday, September 10, 2014

    Friday, August 29, 2014

    Water and sunlight into fuel

    Cheaper petrol could be just around the corner with Australian scientists one step away from turning water and sunlight into fuel … the same way plants do

    • Australian scientists have successfully replicated one of the crucial steps in photosynthesis
    • Scientists hope the research will open up new possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel
    • Researchers found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat' after being exposed to the sun, the same way plants do
    • Dr Kastoori Hingorani said: 'The system uses a naturally-occurring protein and does not need batteries or expensive metals
    • Hydrogen offers potential as a replacement for petrol, but until now, the way in which plants produced hydrogen was poorly understood
    Australian scientists are one step closer from turning water and sunlight into an efficient supply of hydrogen-based fuel, new research has found. 
    An Australian National University team has successfully replicated a protein, which captures energy from sunlight in order to create biological systems, the same way plants do.
    Researchers found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat', which is the key to photosynthesis - a process used by plants to convert sunlight into oxygen and energy used to power their systems.
    Dr Kastoori Hingorani (pictured, left, ) and Professor Ron Pace (pictured, right, with the protein in a container) hope the research will open up  possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel
    Dr Kastoori Hingorani and Professor Ron Pace hope the research will open up possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel
    ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis in the ANU Research School of Biology Dr Kastoori Hingorani said in a statement that 'water is abundant and so is sunlight.'
    'It is an exciting prospect to use them to create hydrogen, and do it cheaply and safely,' Dr Kastoori Hingorani said.
    The study found hydrogen offers potential as a zero-carbon replacement for petroleum products, and is already used for launching space craft. However, until this work, the way that plants produce hydrogen by splitting water has been poorly understood.
    'The system uses a naturally-occurring protein and does not need batteries or expensive metals, meaning it could be affordable in developing countries,' Dr Hingorani said.
    The way of the future: Australian scientists are one step closer from turning water and sunlight into cheap fuel
    The way of the future: Australian scientists are one step closer from turning water and sunlight into cheap fuel
    Co-researcher Professor Ron Pace said the research opened up new possibilities for manufacturing hydrogen as a cheap and clean source of fuel.
    'This is the first time we have replicated the primary capture of energy from sunlight,' Professor Pace said.
    'It’s the beginning of a whole suite of possibilities, such as creating a highly efficient fuel, or to trapping atmospheric carbon.'
    Professor Pace said large amounts of hydrogen fuel produced by artificial photosynthesis could transform the economy.
    'That carbon-free cycle is essentially indefinitely sustainable. Sunlight is extraordinarily abundant, water is everywhere – the raw materials we need to make the fuel. And at the end of the usage cycle it goes back to water,' he said.
    The team found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat' after sunlight exposure that is the key to photosynthesis
    The team found the protein had displayed 'electrical heartbeat' after sunlight exposure that is the key to photosynthesis
    Scientists used a protein called ferritin, which is usually found in almost all living organisms and often stores iron but the team removed the iron and replaced it with the abundant metal, manganese, to closely resemble the water splitting site in photosynthesis. 
    The researchers also replaced the protein with a light-sensitive pigment, Zinc Chlorin. 
    When scientists shone light onto the modified ferritin, there was a clear indication of charge transfer just like in natural photosynthesis.
    The possibilities inspired visionary researcher Associate Professor Warwick Hillier, who led the research group until his death from brain cancer, earlier this year.
    'Associate Professor Hillier imagined modifying E. coli so that it expresses the gene to create ready-made artificial photosynthetic proteins. It would be a self-replicating system – all you need to do is shine light on it,' Dr Hingorani said.


    Tuesday, August 5, 2014

    EcoFarm

    Grow-your-own with a little help from a GOLDFISH: EcoFarm lets you cultivate herbs and tomatoes using your pet's waste

    • The EcoFarm is part fish tank and part herb box. It's been invented by a team in Rotterdam, the Netherlands
    • It uses fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly
    • Dirty water containing waste is pumped into the 'grow bed' to feed the plants, which in turn clean the water in the fish tank below
    • It is a type of hydroponics - cultivating plants in water
    Many people are worried about the potential health effects of man-made chemicals sprayed on crops.
    But now there’s a more natural alternative from an unlikely and very small source.
    Dutch inventors have created an ‘EcoFarm’ that is part fish tank and part herb box and will use fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly.
    Scroll down for video
    Dutch inventors have created an 'EcoFarm' that is part fish tank and part herb box and uses fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly
    Dutch inventors have created an 'EcoFarm' that is part fish tank and part herb box and uses fish waste as a natural fertiliser to help herbs and cherry tomatoes housed above the fish tank grow rapidly

    HOW DOES THE ECOFARM WORK?

    The EcoFarm is a closed loop ecosystem that consists of a tank topped with a special grow bed filled with stones.
    The dirty water containing fish poo is pumped up into the grow bed where the plants grow on the rocks, with all the fertiliser and nutrients coming from the fish.
    Herbs and small fruit and vegetables such as cherry tomatoes, peppers and strawberries can be grown in the bed.
    The plants work as a natural filter and clean the water.
    Dirty water containing waste is pumped into the 'grow bed' to feed the plants, which in turn clean the water in the fish tank below.
    ‘We believe that local farming is the first step to deliver fresh tasty fruits and vegetables,’ said the inventors, who are currently raising funds on crowd funding website Kickstarter.
     
    ‘With this goal on mind, Ecobird has started to develop a product line based in aquaponics.’
    Aquaponics is a food production system that combines conventional aquaculture, of raising aquatic animals in tanks, with hydroponics - cultivating plants in water.
    The inventors, who are based in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, describe their EcoFarm as ‘a symbiotic environment where the waste of the fish is used as a natural fertiliser and the plants clean the water.’
    'You can grow fresh food with the tiniest amount of effort. The only thing you need to do is feed the fish.'
    It may seem to some people like a neat solution for something that aquarium owners have been doing for years – watering their plants with dirty water from their fish tank.

    The inventors, who are based in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, describe their EcoFarm as 'a symbiotic environment where the waste of the fish is used as a natural fertiliser and the plants clean the water.' Illustrations of the EcoFarm are pictured
    The inventors, who are based in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, describe their EcoFarm as 'a symbiotic environment where the waste of the fish is used as a natural fertiliser and the plants clean the water.' Illustrations of the EcoFarm are pictured
    Many people have reported on internet forums that their houseplants have thrived faster than normal by using the fishy water.
    'I wanted to see how well the water from my tanks would do as a fertiliser and the results are stunning,' one person wrote on fishforums.com, while another said: I've used my tank water for years. Better than any fertiliser I ever used.’ 
    The EcoFarm costs from €85 (£68) in Europe and the kit will include a fish tank, grow bed, pump, stones and gravel, seeds to get them started. The product will be made using injection moulding.
    The company expects to start production in November and to ship the tanks just in time for Christmas, if it managed to raise the money needed.
    The team has so far raised €2,155 (£1,717) and have a target of €125,000 (£99,603).